Insolvency Act 1986 Part IX Bankruptcy

Preliminary

264. Who may present a bankruptcy petition

1. A petition for a bankruptcy order to be made against an individual may be presented to the court n accordance with the following provisions of this Part -
   1. by one of the individual's creditors or jointly by more than one of them,
   1. by the individual himself,
   1. by the supervisor of, or any person (other than the individual) who is for the time being bound by, a voluntary arrangement proposed by the individual an approved under Part VIII, or
   1. where a criminal bankruptcy order has been made against the individual, by the Official Petitioner or by any person specified in the order in pursuance of section 39(3)(b) of the Powers of Criminal Courts Acts 1973.
2. Subject to those provisions, the court may make a bankruptcy order on any such petition.

265. Conditions to be satisfied in respect of debtor

1. A bankruptcy petition shall not be presented to the court under section 264(1)(a) or (b) unless the debtor -
   1. is domiciled in England and Wales,
   2. is personally present in England and Wales on the day on which the petition is presented, or
      at any time in the period of 3 years ending with that day -
      1. has been ordinarily resident, or has had a place of residence, in England and Wales, or
      2. has carried on business in England and Wales.
2. The reference in subsection (1)(c) to an individual carrying on business includes -
   1. the carrying on of business by a firm or partnership of which the individual is a member, and
   2. the carrying on of business by an agent or manager for the individual or for such a firm or partnership.

266. Other preliminary conditions

1. Where a bankruptcy petition relating to an individual is presented by a person who is entitled to present a petition under two or more paragraphs of section 264(1), the petition is to be treated for the purposes of this Part as a petition under such one of those paragraphs as may be specified in the petition.
2. A bankruptcy petition shall not be withdrawn without the leave of the court.
3. The court has a general power, if it appears to it appropriate to do so on the grounds that there has been a contravention of the rules or for any other reason, to dismiss a bankruptcy petition or to stay proceedings on such a petition; and, where it stays proceedings on a petition, it may do so on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit.
4. Without prejudice to subsection (3), where a petition under section 264(1)(a), (b) or in respect of an individual is pending at a time when a criminal bankruptcy order is made against him, or is presented after such an order has been so made, the court may on the application of the Official Petitioner dismiss the petition if it appears to it appropriate to do so.

Creditor's petition

267. Grounds of creditor's petition

1. A creditor's petition must be in respect of one or more debts owed by the debtor, and the petitioning creditor or each of the petitioning creditors must be a person to whom the debt or (as the case may be) at least one of the debts is owed.
2. Subject to the next three sections, a creditor's petition may be presented to the court in respect of a debt or debts only if, at the time the petition is presented -
   1. the amount of the debt, or the aggregate amount of the debts, is equal to or exceeds the bankruptcy level,
   2. the debt, or each of the debts, is for a liquidated sum payable to the petitioning creditor, or one or more of the petitioning creditors, either immediately or at some certain, future time, and is unsecured.
   3. the debt, or each of the debts, is a debt which the debtor appears to be unable to pay or to have no reasonable prospect of being able to pay, and
   4. there is no outstanding application to set aside a statutory demand served (under section 268 below) in respect of the debt or any of the debts.
3. A debt is not to be regarded for the purposes of subsection (2) as a debtor for a liquidated sum by reason only that the amount of the debt is specified in a criminal bankruptcy order.
4. "The bankruptcy level" is 750; but the Secretary of State may by order in a statutory instrument substitute any amount specified in the order for that amount or (as the case may be) for the amount which by virtue of such an order is for the time being the amount of the bankruptcy level.
5. An order shall not be made under subsection (4) unless a draft of it has been laid before, and approved by a resolution of, each House of Parliament.

268. Definition of "inability to pay", etc; the statutory demand

1. For the purposes of section 267(2) (c), the debtor appears to be unable to pay a debt if, but only if, the debt is payable immediately and either -
   1. the petitioning creditor to whom the diet is owed has served on the debtor a demand (known as "the statutory demand") in the prescribed form requiring him to pay the debt or to secure or compound for it to the satisfaction of the creditor, at least 3 weeks have elapsed since the demand was served and the demand has been neither complied with nor set aside in accordance with the rules, or
   2. execution or other process issued in respect of the debt of a judgment or order of any court in favour of the petitioning creditor, or one or more of the petitioning creditors to whom the debt is owed, has been returned unsatisfied in whole or in part.
2. For the purposes of 267(2)(c) the debtor appears to have no reasonable prospect of being able to pay the debt if, but only if, the debt is not immediately payable and -
   1. the petitioning creditor to whom it is owed has served on the debtor a demand (also known as "the statutory demand") in the prescribed form requiring him to establish to the satisfaction of the creditor that there is a reasonable prospect that the debtor will be able to pay the debt when it falls due.
   2. at least 3 weeks have elapsed since the demand was served, and the demand has been neither complied with nor set aside in accordance with the rules.

269. Creditor with security

1. A debt which is the debt, or one of the debts, in respect of which a creditor's petition is presented need not be unsecured if either -
   1. the petition contains a statement by the person having the right to enforce the security that he is willing, in the event of a bankruptcy order being made, to give up his security for the benefit of all the bankrupt's creditors, or
   2. the petition is expressed not to be made in respect of the secured part of the debt and contains a statement by that person of the estimated value at the date of the petition of the security for the secured part of the debt.
2. In a case falling within subsection (1)(b) the secured and unsecured parts of the debt are to be treated for the purposes of sections 267 to 270 as separate debts.

270. Expedited petition

In the case of a creditor's petition presented wholly or partly in respect of a debt which is the subject of a statutory demand under section 268, the petition may be presented before the end of the 3-week period there mentioned if there is a serious possibility that the debtor's property or the value of any of his property will be significantly diminished during that period and the petition contains a statement to that effect.

271. Proceedings on creditor's petition

1. The court shall not make a bankruptcy order on a creditor's petition unless it is satisfied that the debt, or one of the debts, in respect of which the petition was presented is either -
   1. a debt which, having been payable at the date of the petition or having since become payable, has been neither paid nor secured or compounded for, or
   2. a debt which the debtor has no reasonable prospect of being able to pay when it falls due.
2. In a case in which the petition contains such a statement as is required by section 270, the court shall not make a bankruptcy order until at least 3 weeks have elapsed since the service of any statutory demand under section 268.
3. The court may dismiss the petition if it is satisfied that the debtor is able to pay all his debts or is satisfied -
   1. that the debtor has made an offer to secure or compound for a debt in respect of which the petition is presented,
   2. that the acceptance of that offer would have required the dismissal of the petition, and
      that the offer has been reasonably refused;
      and, in determining for the purposes of this subsection whether the debtor is able to pay all his debts, the court shall take into account his contingent and prospective liabilities.
4. In determining for the purposes of this section what constitutes a reasonable prospect that a debtor will be able to pay a debt when it falls due, it is to be assumed that the prospect given by the facts and other matters known to the creditor at the time he entered into the transaction resulting in the debt was a reasonable prospect.
5. Nothing in sections 267 to 271 prejudices the power of the court, in accordance with the rules, to authorise a creditor's petition to be amended by the omission of any creditor or debt and to be proceeded with as if things done for the purposes of those sections had been done only by or in relation to the remaining creditors or debts.

Debtor's petition

272. Grounds of debtor's petition

1. A debtor's petition may be presented to the court only on the grounds that the debtor is unable to pay his debts.
2. The statement shall be accompanied by a statement of the debtor's affairs containing -
   1. such particulars of the debtor's creditors and of his debts and other liabilities and of his assets as may be prescribed, and
   2. such other information as may be prescribed.

273. Appointment of insolvency practitioner by the court

1. Subject to the next section, on the hearing of a debtor's petition the court shall not make a bankruptcy order if it appears to the court -
   1. that if a bankruptcy order were made the aggregate amount of the bankruptcy debts, so far as unsecured, would be less than the small bankruptcies level,
   2. that if a bankruptcy order were made, the value of the bankrupt's estate would be equal to or more than the minimum amount.
   3. that within the period of 5 years ending with the presentation of the petition the debtor has neither been adjudged bankrupt nor made a composition with his creditors in satisfaction of his debts or a scheme of arrangement of his affairs, and
   4. that it would be appropriate to appoint a person to prepare a report under section 274. "The minimum amount" and "the small bankruptcies level" mean such amounts as may for the time being be prescribed for the purposes of this section.
2. Where on the hearing of the petition, it appears to the court as mentioned in subsection (1), the court shall appoint a person who is qualified to act as an insolvency practitioner in relation to the debtor -
   1. to prepare a report under the next section, and
   2. subject to section 258(3) in Part VIII, to act in relation to any voluntary arrangement to which the report relates either as trustee or otherwise for the purpose of supervising its implementation.

274. Action on report of insolvency practitioner

1. A person appointed under section 273 shall inquire into the debtor's affairs and, within such period as the court may direct, shall submit a report to the court stating whether the debtor is willing, for the purposes of Part VIII, to make a proposal for a voluntary arrangment.
2. A report which states that the debtor is willing as abovce mentioned shall also state -
   1. whether, in the opinion of the person ,making the report, a meeting of the debtor's creditors should be summonedto consider the proposal, and
   2. if in that person's opinion such a meeting should be summoned, the date on which, and time and place at which, he proposes the meeting should be held.
3. On considering a report under this section thje court may -
   1. without any application, make an interim order under section 252, if it thinks that it is appropriate to do so for the purpose of facilitating the consideration and implementation of the debtor's propsal, or
   2. if it thinks it would be inappropriate to make such an order, make a bankruptcy order.
4. An interim order made by virtue of this section ceases to have effect at the end of such period as the court may specify for the purpose of enabling the debtor's proposal to be considered by his creditors in accordance with the applicable provisions of Part VIII.
5. Where it has been reported to the court under this section that a meeting of the debtor's creditors should be summoned, the person making the report shall, unless the court otherwise directs, summon that meeting for the time, date and place proposed in his report.

The meeting is then deemed to have been summoned under section 257 in Part VIII, and subsections (2) and (3) of that section, and sections 258 to 263 apply accordingly.

275. Summary administration

1. (1) Where on the hearing of a debtor's petition the court makes a bankruptcy order and the case is as specified in the next subsection, the court shall, if it appears to it appropriate to do so, issue a certificate for the summary administration of the bankrupt's estate.
2. (2) That case is where it appears to the court -
   1. (a) that if a bankruptcy order were made the aggregate amount of the bankruptcy debts so far as unsecured would be less than the small bankruptcies level (within the meaning given by section 273), and
   2. (b) that within the period of 5 years ending with the presentation the debtor has neither been adjudged bankrupt nor made a composition with his creditors in satisfaction of his debts or a scheme of arrangement of his affairs.
      Whether the bankruptcy order is made because it does not appear to the court as mentioned in section 273(1)(b) or (d), or it is made because the court thinks it would be inappropriate to make an interim order under section 252.
3. (3) The court may at any time revoke a certificate issued under this section if it appears to it that, on any grounds existing at the time the certificate was issued, the certificate ought not to have been issued

Other cases for special consideration

276. Default in connection with voluntary arrangement

1. The court shall not make a bankruptcy order on a petition under section 264(1)(c) (supervisor, of, or person bound by, voluntary arrangement proposed and approved) unless it is satisfied -
   1. that the debtor has failed to comply with his obligations under the voluntary arrangement, or
   2. that information which was false or misleading in any material particular or which contained material omissions -
      1. was contained in any statement of affairs or other document supplied by the debtor under Part VIII to any person, or
      2. was otherwise made available by the debtor to his creditors at or in connection with a meeting summoned under that Part, or
   3. that the debtor has failed to do all such things as may for the purposes of the voluntary arrangement have been reasonably required of him by the supervisor of the arrangement.
2. Where a bankruptcy order is made on a petition under section 264 (1)(c), any expenses properly incurred as expenses of the administration of the voluntary arrangement in question shall ne a fist charge on the bankrupt's estate.

277. Petition based on criminal bankruptcy order

1. Subject to section 266(3), the court shall make a bankruptcy order on a petition under section 264(1)(d) on production of a copy of the criminal bankruptcy order on which the petition is based.
   This does not apply if it appears to the court that the criminal bankruptcy order has been rescinded on appeal.
2. Subject to the provisions of this Part, the fact that an appeal is pending against any conviction by virtue of which a criminal bankruptcy order was made does not affect any proceedings on a petition under section 264(1)(d) based on that order.
3. For the purposes of this section, an appeal against a conviction is pending -
   1. in any case, until the expiration of the period of 28 days beginning with the dat of conviction;
   2. if notice of appeal to the Court of Appeal is given during that period and during that period the appellant notifies the official receiver of it, until the determination of the appeal and thereafter for so long as an appeal to the House of Lords is pending within the meaning of section 40(5) of the Powers of Criminal Courts Act 1973.

Commencement and duration of bankruptcy; discharge

278. Commencement and continuance

• The bankruptcy of an individual against whom a bankruptcy order has been made -
  1. commences with the day on which the order is made, and
  2. continues until the individual is discharged under the following provisions of this Chapter.

279. Duration

1. Subject as follows, a bankrupt is discharged from bankruptcy -
   1. in the case of an individual who was adjudged bankrupt on a petition under section 264(1)(d) or who had been an undischarged bankrupt at any time in the period of 15 years ending with the commencement of the bankruptcy, by an order of the court under the section next following, and
   2. in any other case, by the expiration of the relevant period under this section.
2. That period is as follows -
   1. where a certificate for the summary administration of the bankrupt's estate has been issued and is not revoked before the bankrupt's discharge, the period of 1 year beginning with the commencement of the bankruptcy, and
   2. in any other case, the period of 1 year beginning with the commencement of the bankruptcy.
3. Where a court is satisfied on the application of the official receiver that an undischarged bankrupt in relation to whom subsection (1)(b) applies has failed or is failing to comply with any of his obligations under this Part, the court may order that the relevant period under this section shall cease to run for such period, or until the fulfilment of such conditions (including a condition requiring the court to be satisfied as to any matter), as may be specified in the order.
4. This section is without prejudice to any power of the court to annul a bankruptcy order.

280. Discharge by order of the court

1. An application for an order of the court discharging an individual from bankruptcy in a case falling within section 279(1)(a) may be made by the bankrupt at any time after the end of the period of 5 years beginning with the commencement of the bankruptcy.
2. On an application under this section the court may -
   1. refuse to discharge the bankrupt from bankruptcy,
   2. making an order discharging him absolutely, or
      make an order discharging him subject to such conditions with respect to any income which may subsequently become due to him, or with respect to property developing upon him, or acquired by him, after his discharge, as may be specified in the order.
3. The court may provide for an order falling within subsection (2)(b) or to have immediate effect or to have its effect suspended for such period, or until the fulfilment of such conditions (including a condition requiring the court to be satisfied as to any matter), as may be specified by the order.

281. Effect of discharge

1. Subject as follows, where a bankrupt is discharged, the discharge releases him from all the bankruptcy debts, but has no effect -
   1. on the functions (so far as they remain to be carried out) of the trustee of his estate, or
   2. on the operation, for the purposes of the carrying out of those functions, of the provisions of this Part;
      and, in particular, discharge does not affect the right of any creditor of the bankrupt to prove in the bankruptcy for any debt from which the bankrupt is released.
2. Discharge does not affect the right of any secured creditor of the bankrupt to enforce his security for the payment of a debt from which the bankrupt is released.
3. Discharge does not release the bankrupt from any bankruptcy debt which he incurred in respect of, or forbearance in respect of which was secured by means of, any fraud or fraudulent breach of trust to which he was a party.
4. Discharge does not release the bankrupt from any liability in respect of a fine imposed for an offence or from any liability under a recognisance except, in the case of a penalty imposed for an offence under an enactment relating to the public revenue or of a recognisance, with the consent of the Treasury.
5. Discharge does not, except to such extent and on such conditions as the court may direct, release the bankrupt from any bankruptcy debt which -
   1. consists of a liability to pay damages for negligence, nuisance or breach of a statutory, contractual or other duty, being damages in respect of personal injuries to any person, or
   2. arises under any order made in family proceedings or in domestic proceedings.
6. Discharge does not release the bankrupt from such other bankruptcy debts, not being debts provable in his bankruptcy, as are prescribed.
7. Discharge does not release any person other than the bankrupt from any liability (whether as partner or co-trustee of the bankrupt or otherwise) from which the bankrupt is released by the discharge, or from any liability as surety for the bankrupt or as a person in the nature of such a surety.
8. In this section -

   "domestic proceedings" means domestic proceedings within the meaning of the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 and any proceedings which would be such proceedings but for section 65(1)(ii) of that Act (proceedings for variation of order for periodical payments);
   "family proceedings" means the same as in Part V of the Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act 1984;
   "fine" means the same as in the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980; and
   "personal injuries" includes death and any disease or other impairment of a person's physical or mental condition.

282. Court's power to annul bankruptcy order

1. The court may annul a bankruptcy order if it at any time appears to the court -
   1. that, on any grounds existing at the time the order was made, the order ought not to have been made, or
   2. that, to the extent required by the rules, the bankruptcy debts and the expenses of the bankruptcy have all, since the making of the order, been either paid or secured for the satisfaction of the court.
2. The court may annul a bankruptcy order made against an individual on a petition under paragraph (a), (b) or of section 264(1) if it at any time appears to the court, on an application by the official receiver -
   1. that the petition was pending at a time when a criminal bankruptcy order was made against the individual or was presented after such an order was so made, and
   2. no appeal is pending (within the meaning of section 277) against the individual's conviction of any offence by virtue of which the criminal bankruptcy order was made;
      and the court shall annul a bankruptcy order made on a petition under section 264(1)(d) if at any time appears to the court that the criminal bankruptcy order on which the petition was based been rescinded in consequence of an appeal.
3. The court may annul a bankruptcy order whether or not the bankrupt has been discharged from the bankruptcy.
4. Where the court annuls a bankruptcy order (whether under this section or under section 261 in Part VIII) -
   1. any sale or other disposition of property, payment made or other thing duly done, under any provision in this Group of Parts, by or under the authority of the official receiver or a trustee of the bankrupt's estate or by the court is valid, but
   2. if any of the bankrupt's estate is then vested, under any such provision, in such a trustee, it shall vest in such person as the court may appoint or, in default of any such appointment, revert to the bankrupt on such terms (if any) as the court may direct;
      and the court may include in its order such supplemental provisions as may be authorised by the rules.
5. In determining for the purposes of section 279 whether a person was an undischarged bankrupt at any time, any time when he was a bankrupt by virtue of an order that was subsequently annulled is to be discharged.